How Cooking Free

How Cooking Frees Men Article Essay This article explains how the discovery in cooking foods has dramatically changed the way we live, and the amount of time freed up by spending less time chewing. Raw food takes much longer to eat than soft cooked foods. The discovery of cooking changed our social division of labor between men and women. The Hadza tribes are foragers; hunters and gathers, and now that cooking food is possible, the men hunt for meat, while the women forage the land for anything edible. When the men come back to the village, the women hope they have meat or honey to provide, but if they come empty handed, the women have the food they have gathered already prepared for the hungry men. The men and women share their food with one another, their children, and extended family. Even though my family and I are not foragers, this sounds very similar to the same way I was brought up. My father would make the money that paid for the food, while my mother would stay home to raise us children and cook. She always had dinner ready for my father whether he was coming home from work or home after looking for a job. Either way, we always had food on our table. There were even summers that we had to pick fruit with my mother on farmers land so we can have canned fruit stock our pantry. We would forage in the fall walnuts that have fallen off a walnut tree on the side of some road, so she can make banana nut bread. As a child I was put to work on several occasions to help my mother, and that was not the same way my brothers were raised, they would be allowed to go hunting or fishing with my father. Even though my family and I are not foragers we have a lot of similarities with the Hadza tribe and how they divide their labor based upon gender and age. Foragers follow the method of hunter and gatherer, to collect their food. They form small communities of mainly family; immediate and extended family. The men hunt for food while the women and children forage for edible plants. The tribes join occasionally to celebrate things; and they share their food. The Hadza believed if a single man provided the meat for the day, he would divide the food with his family first, and then divide it amongst the rest of the tribesmen. Foraging may have been the way to gather food in the beginning of man (several small tribes still live as foragers, like the Hadza tribe). Today, America and many other countries use intensive agriculture; we use machinery to irrigate and fertilize to increase our surplus. This is necessary because of our population; we are not only a few like the foragers. We are primarily controlled through a government, as apposed to moving about with a village. My first impression of this article was not too great; I felt the writer discussed the difference of chew time within too much detail. I understand the concept of â€Å"less time chewing = more time†. What I found most interesting, and gained insight from, was the knowledge that cooking food to make it soft, freed up the time of man. Without that simple action of cooking our food, man would be very different today. Not just time wise, but that was the start of division of labor within a family. This is still practiced within many American families and tribes that still live off the land. I think a big difference between us and them (which there are a few tribal foragers still today), they live creating little impact on their environment, while we seem to not care so much about the harm we do to ours. I feel because of more time, we not only have the means to relax and socialize, but we also abuse it. We are not as active, and to some people their social part of life is their most important. So because of more time, people are becoming obese, lazy, and gossipy. That pretty much sums up over half of the American population.

james madison Essay -- essays research papers

James Madison begins his famous federalist paper by explaining that the purpose of this essay is to help the readers understand how the structure of the proposed government makes liberty possible. Each branch should be, for the most part, in Madison's opinion, independent. To assure such independence, no one branch should have too much power in selecting members of the other two branches. If this principle were strictly followed, it would mean that the citizens should select the president, the legislators, and the judges. But, the framers recognized certain practical difficulties in making every office elective. In particular, the judicial branch would suffer because the average person is not aware of the qualifications judges should possess. Judges should have great ability, but also be free of political pressures. Since federal judges are appointed for life, their thinking will not be influenced by the president who appoints them, or the senators whose consent the president will s eek. Madison furthers, the members of each branch should not be too dependent on the members of the other two branches in the determination of their salaries. The best security against a gradual concentration of power in any one branch is to provide constitutional safeguards that would make such concentration difficult. The constitutional rights of all must check one man's personal interests and ambitions. We may not like to admit that men abuse power, but the very need for government itself proves they do, "if men were angels, no government would be necessary." Unfortunately, all men are imperfect, the rulers and the ruled. Consequently, the great problem in framing a government is that the government must be able to control the people, but equally important, must be forced to control itself. The dependence of the government on the will of the people is undoubtedly the best control, but experience teaches that other controls are necessary. Dividing power helps to check its growth in any one direction, but power cannot be divided absolutely equally. In the republican form of government, the legislative branch tends to be the most powerful. That is why the framers divided the Congress into two branches, the House of Representatives and the Senate, and provided for a different method of election in each branch. Further safeguards against legislative tyranny may be neces... ...ports: Partition of powers Each Department  · Should have a will of its own  · Thus members of each should have little to do with appointments of members of the other  · Member of each should be as little dependent as possible of the others for the emoluments annexed to their offices. In framing a government 1. government needs to control the governed 2. government needs to control itself Each department should have different amounts of self-defense because some departments need it more than others. Ex. Repersentative government legislative huge – divided into subgroups. Two considerations:  · Single - All the power surrendered by the people is submitted to the administration of a single government. Compound – power first divided by two distinct governments and then each portion subdivided among separate departments.  · Guard society not only of oppression of its rulers, but also injustice of the other part. Need to guard minorities. Keeps people from just electing someone on a whim. james madison Essay -- essays research papers James Madison begins his famous federalist paper by explaining that the purpose of this essay is to help the readers understand how the structure of the proposed government makes liberty possible. Each branch should be, for the most part, in Madison's opinion, independent. To assure such independence, no one branch should have too much power in selecting members of the other two branches. If this principle were strictly followed, it would mean that the citizens should select the president, the legislators, and the judges. But, the framers recognized certain practical difficulties in making every office elective. In particular, the judicial branch would suffer because the average person is not aware of the qualifications judges should possess. Judges should have great ability, but also be free of political pressures. Since federal judges are appointed for life, their thinking will not be influenced by the president who appoints them, or the senators whose consent the president will s eek. Madison furthers, the members of each branch should not be too dependent on the members of the other two branches in the determination of their salaries. The best security against a gradual concentration of power in any one branch is to provide constitutional safeguards that would make such concentration difficult. The constitutional rights of all must check one man's personal interests and ambitions. We may not like to admit that men abuse power, but the very need for government itself proves they do, "if men were angels, no government would be necessary." Unfortunately, all men are imperfect, the rulers and the ruled. Consequently, the great problem in framing a government is that the government must be able to control the people, but equally important, must be forced to control itself. The dependence of the government on the will of the people is undoubtedly the best control, but experience teaches that other controls are necessary. Dividing power helps to check its growth in any one direction, but power cannot be divided absolutely equally. In the republican form of government, the legislative branch tends to be the most powerful. That is why the framers divided the Congress into two branches, the House of Representatives and the Senate, and provided for a different method of election in each branch. Further safeguards against legislative tyranny may be neces... ...ports: Partition of powers Each Department  · Should have a will of its own  · Thus members of each should have little to do with appointments of members of the other  · Member of each should be as little dependent as possible of the others for the emoluments annexed to their offices. In framing a government 1. government needs to control the governed 2. government needs to control itself Each department should have different amounts of self-defense because some departments need it more than others. Ex. Repersentative government legislative huge – divided into subgroups. Two considerations:  · Single - All the power surrendered by the people is submitted to the administration of a single government. Compound – power first divided by two distinct governments and then each portion subdivided among separate departments.  · Guard society not only of oppression of its rulers, but also injustice of the other part. Need to guard minorities. Keeps people from just electing someone on a whim.

A.A. Milne

He is creator of one the world's most beloved characters, he is the author of our childhood's favorite stories, he is A. A Milne. A. A. Milne is the author of the popular and cherished Winnie the Pooh stories. Anyone who is young, or young at heart can gravitate to the stories that have brought joy to our hearts for nearly a century. Milne’s life is not only enlightening, but discovering the true inspirations, accomplishments and triumphs behind his extraordinary tales will change how you read them forever. Before he became the famous author he is today, Milne lived a rather normal and quiet life. Milne was born to Sarah and John Milne in Hampstead, London on January 18th 1882 . For most of his childhood and young adulthood, Milne resided in the school his father ran, the Henley house, which he also attended as a child (just-pooh). As a boy, Milne was a rather bright student who learned to read and write before the age of five (Wheeler). Milne’s extraordinary grades in Mathematics, and especially Writing, got him numerous scholarships to many different universities such as Cambridge. Although Milne always aspired to be a writer, on of his inspirations was the famous H. G Wells who became his teacher and Mentor (poohcorner). The more he learned from Wells, the more Milne aspired to be a writer. It is certain that without the encouraging words and teachings from his mentor, Milne would not be the same, remarkable author he became. Though Milne garnered encouragement and knowledge from Well’s unique teaching styles there was another source of inspiration that was be yond just encouraging words, this source of inspiration shaped A. A. Milne’s career into what we know and still praise him for today. In 1913, Milne married Dorothy Daphne de Selincourt, together they had a gregarious, effervescent son named Christopher Robin Milne. (winniethepohh). From the day of his birth, Christopher served as his father's main source of inspiration; Milne wrote poems for him that later became his book When We Were Very young (1924), and most importantly, he and his toys became inspirations for Milne’s now most famous, Winnie the Pooh Series. All written between 1926 and 1928, Milne’s fulgent and quip filled books launched his career and today are his most read, appraised and notable works (justpooh). These unique and charming tales would change Milne’s life forever. Although there is no recorded evidence of Milne receiving any notable awards for his stories , it is certain he regaled many gracious acknowledgements, un-matching success all thanks to his loyal fans. Milne’s gained many fans for his poems, plays and especially Pooh novels that only increased, when his wife Dorothy sold the rights to Pooh to Disney after his death (wheeler). Although most of his fans were and are children, many adults have enjoyed his plays and even original Pooh books for their inspirational themes and striking, quirky story lines. As I read A. A milne’s poems and stories I recognised two, distinct, recurring themes; embracing individuality and the the importance of problem of solving. Unfortunately, Milne never discussed the themes found in his stories and their personal importance, nor if he purposely added them into his works. Although Milne’s thoughts regarding his themes are uncertain, something that is certain is, no matter what story or poem is read, Milne’s works will leave the reader with a sense of joy and satisfaction, that will leave anyone wanting to apply his recurring themes into everyday life. Although Milne happens to be one of my favorite authors, I recently discovered things I previously did not know about him through my research. Because Winnie the Pooh was such a big part of my childhood, and that of many of my peers, I was surprised to find, he lived and wrote all his works in England during the 20’s and up until his death in 1956. I was also surprised to find Milne was in the English Royal Army, and participated in World War II. Although there were a lot of social and political situations occurring at the time such as the Great Depression and the War, I found it unusual that none of these events influenced his literary process(poohcorner). Milne rather focused on the joys of childhood and teaching kids, and adults, the key to a happy future through his themes. Another extraordinary fact is, all of of the elements of his Pooh books were inspired by a personal aspect in his life. The characters were all based on his son’s toys and the place where his Pooh books took place was based off his sylvan family home in Sussex, England (kidsreads). Without Milne works it is easy to conclude children’s literature would not be the same. In my opinion, A. A Milne, through his writing, inspired countless authors and raised the canon to what is now, modern children's literature. He has brought joy to countless people and his scintillating stories are timeless. A . A Milne plays an important role in not only our childhood but that of our parents and future children and grandchildren. Milne, in my eyes, can easily stand aside the greatest authors of our time and in the hearts of individuals around the world.

The American Immigration System is Broken Essay - 923 Words

On contemporary society, immigration reform is enjoying an increasingly high voice among people. American immigration system is broken. Too many employers take advantage of the system by hiring undocumented workers which currently are estimated at 11 million. This is not good for the economy nor the country. Imaging a day without these undocumented workers in United States. No bus driver, farm worker, cooker, nurse, construction worker, waiter, house keeper, gardener or nanny can be found. Nobody drive bus, pick fruit, wash dishes, build houses, clean offices or take care of babies. It is not difficult for us to imagine that because these low skill workers have vanished. Chaos and tragedy ensue. The question about whether all nations†¦show more content†¦If the government builds a smart and effective immigration system to make these undocumented immigrants legal, they will increase the demand for local consumer goods. According to the 2010 American Community Survey, â€Å"i mmigrants earned a total of $1.1 trillion, and the Immigration Policy Center estimates that the purchasing power of Latinos and Asians, many of whom are immigrants, alone will reach $1.5 trillion and $775 billion, respectively, by 2015.† There are roughly twelve million undocumented immigrants working in the United States, they are absolutely necessary, for productivity and labor force. In addition, they created depressed wages. As are over hundreds of millions of uncollected tax revenue. For example, many unskilled undocumented immigrants whom lack of technical training are working in number of very imperative industries, such as agriculture, landscaping, hospitality, and construction. In most cases, these undocumented immigrants are paid less than the minimum wage of U.S., some of them even are actually paid nothing. What seems more exaggerated, a number of employers who hire these undocumented immigrants will place a dozen of them into a very tiny poor house. These unscrupu lous employers exploit far too many undocumented immigrants for huge immoral profits. Unlike any American citizen, the undocumented immigrants have almost no legal recourse or no courage to against these unethical employers, because they also break the law at first, and theShow MoreRelatedThe Liberal Side Of The Immigration Debate1013 Words   |  5 PagesThe liberal side of the immigration debate supports legal immigration, increasing the number of legal immigrants permitted to enter the U.S. each year, and blanket amnesty for current illegal immigrants. Liberals believe that regardless of how they came to the U.S., illegal immigrants deserve things like U.S. government financial aid for college tuition and visas for spouse/children to come to the U.S. They believe that families shouldn’t be separated and that many illegal immigrants do the jobsRead MoreThe End Of President Obama s Final Term1517 Words   |  7 Pagesin office, the candidates that are about to succeed him are faced with questions about their policies and some of those policies such as immigration apply to all of us. Immigration seems to be a sensitive topic to discuss as there are 42.2 million immigrants residing in the United States and that number sees to be growing. There are those who oppose immigration and wish to send them all back to their place of origin because they â€Å"Drain the Economy† or â€Å"Steal all the Jobs† but the truth of the matterRead MoreThe World s International Immigrants1040 Words   |  5 Pageshave been historically built on immigration, and they all have different level of education from doctors and professors to high school dropouts. People come to this country as naturalized citizens, legal permanent residents, refugees, international students, and others on long-term temporary visas, or unauthorized immigrants. . â€Å"In 2013, approximately 41.3 million immigrants lived in the United States, an all-time high for a nation historicall y built on immigration. The United States remains a popularRead MoreThe United States And The Civil Rights Movement903 Words   |  4 Pagesrights movement struck the attention of political figures that influenced calls to reform the U.S. immigration policy. In the 1920’s immigration was based on the national-origins quota system. The system assigned each nationality a quota, which restricted immigration on the basis of existing proportions of the population due to its representation in past U.S. census figures. The goal of the quota system was to maintain the existing ethnic composition of the United States. However, the Civil Rights Movement’sRead MoreImmigration Battle, Produced And Directed By Shari Robertson And Michael Camerini Essay950 Words   |  4 Pageswith undocumented parents. The documentary, Immigration Battle, explores the controversial issue of immigration. Immigration Battle takes you inside the halls of Congress to give you a perspective of the fig ht for immigration reform, the debate, the politics, and how Washington really works. PBS Frontline’s documentary, Immigration Battle, produced and directed by Shari Robertson and Michael Camerini (2015), portrays the life and death of the immigration reform bill. The film initially follows RepRead MoreImmigration Reform Should Not Be Eligible For Work Authorization863 Words   |  4 PagesThe Supreme Court will announce their decision in June 2016 on the Obama’s administration proposal regarding immigration reform actions. If passed, the actions will allow millions of undocumented immigration to be eligible for work authorization. This will also effect the implementation of the Deferred Actions for Parents of Americans, Lawful Permanent Residents, and an expansion on Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals, which affects teens and young adults raised in the U.S but born outside theRead MoreThe United States Immigration Policy1596 Words   |  7 PagesThe United States immigration policy has never pleased all Americans and probably never will. Throughou t the 20th and 21st centuries, politicians have toiled continuously with the broken system. For example, Congress attempted to strengthen the western border by passing the Illegal Immigrant Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act in 1996 (Historical Overview). Although the proposed increase in Border Patrol agents seemed promising, insufficient funding kept the act from adequate enforcement (HistoricalRead MoreThe Importance of an Immigration Reform949 Words   |  4 Pagesof the free seeking a safe haven from political and religious oppression, a better economic income, and a brighter future for their loved ones. However, when they arrive they quickly notice that the â€Å"american dream† is not easy to obtain. Currently, many believe now is the time for an immigration reform. A reform to stop the separation of millions of families and help heal our economy. From its origin the United States has been called a nation of immigrants. It is a melting pot for countlessRead MoreIllegal Immigration Is It Really That Big Of A Deal?1084 Words   |  5 PagesIllegal immigration. Is it positive or negative? There are many views to this, as to any topics in its nature, but is it really that big of a deal? This paper will be introducing the pros and cons to this subject. There will also be the views politicians of the upcoming 2016 election. This will cover the views of Hillary Clinton, Donald Trump, and Bernie Sanders. What’s your view towards illegal immigration? There are many pros to this topic, such as the fact that the government would earn moreRead MoreBarack Obama s Unilateral Amnesty Program By Forbidding Department Of Homeland Security From Spending Money For Its Implementation1451 Words   |  6 Pagesaction on immigration, it is imperative for you to introduce a bill that will defund President Obama’s unilateral amnesty program by forbidding Department of Homeland Security from spending money for its implementation. Next, you should prepare an immigration bill that proposes sound actions of comprehensive immigration reform that strengthen immigration laws, improve internal enforcement, tighten border security and reduce illegal immigrants with a primary goal to protect welfare of American citizens

Racism And The United States - 1178 Words

America is internationally viewed as a land where all races, ethnicities and people have equal representation and freedom of equality. Not only, is this international recognition what makes the United States a divergent society, but it is the principles that we were established on that makes us a well-functioning society. Although, these American principles elude to a liberating, symbolic, and personal appeal, it is internally flawed by governments beyond the beltway. Corruption is the root of all political evil that it in essence is perpetuated intercontinentally. It is therefore the use of powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain. Over a third of the American population is made up of ethnic minorities and thus has the right to be a citizen of equal rights. Unfortunately, in the recent years, problems in accordance to race have undergone serious issues of discrimination and anti-democratic responses. Therefore, I argue that it is the concept of politically corr upt America that has mutated American democratic principles that has caused a slow return to a racially segregated community. I argue that through history, race is an ongoing antidemocratic problem, is about unproportioned representation and in recent years deserves a closer watch. The history of racial corruption in small governments all across the United States is an issue that America has been combatting since the earliest of known history. Historically, African Americans have endured aShow MoreRelatedRacism in the United States787 Words   |  3 PagesRacism is the trend of thought, or way of thinking, which attaches great importance to the notion of the existence of separate human races and superiority of races that are usually associated with inherited physical characteristics or cultural events. Racism is not a scientific theory, but a set of preconceived opinions they value the biological differences between humans, attributing superiority to some according to racial root s. Even in such ethnically diverse country as the United States, racismRead MoreRacism And The United States1053 Words   |  5 PagesMost countries would say that the United States does not have a culture, but it is actually the opposite. There are so many cultures the United States harbors that we cannot choose just one culture as our flag. Most of them are borrowed from other countries via immigrants but there is one culture specific to the United States. Black Culture is unique to the United States, and it is faced with its possible destruction. The problem is prevalent enough to spawn TV shows and movies that discuss suchRead MoreRacism At The United States926 Words   |  4 PagesAfter being arrested in the United States, African Americans are 52% more likely to be detained than whites while facing a felony trial. For decades, Americans were being judgmental towards each other based on the complexion of another person’s skin. It is now 2015, and racism is still a big factor in our country. So, why does racism still exist after all these year? Racism will always be the thorn in our sides that keeps our country from truly accepting our differences and our opinions or lifestylesRead MoreThe Racism Of The United States2154 Words   |  9 PagesPolitical Racism in United States Philosopher Kwame Gyekye defines the human affairs that means the experience of human beings. To distinguish relevant information and to dissect human activities, â€Å"essential universalism† and â€Å"contingent universalism† are defined its components and purpose with the limited discernment of humans and their undertakings. A large portion of this section is devoted the development of human behavior in this phenomena. My research paper will talk about the genre of racismRead MoreRacism During The United States1282 Words   |  6 PagesRacism in the United States Whites seemingly have always thought they were somehow superior to colored people. Whites in England conquered half the world just to show how powerful they were. Spaniards used Native Americans as slaves to mine gold in the early days of Mexico. America relied on slaves to farm for them or perform household chores. After slavery was abolished in most countries, racism prevailed. In the United States whites established the â€Å"Separate but Equal† idea. For example, whitesRead MoreRacism : The United States Of America885 Words   |  4 PagesRacism in The United States of America Racism has been part of American History since the beginning of the Countries origin. This issue includes the mistreatment of The Native Americans that were forced out of their lands and placed on reservations to black slaves being brought here from Africa. Throughout the history of this great nation people of the U.S. have moved away from these racist beliefs, yet, it is still a relevant issue in today’s society. Today slavery is no longer an institution, andRead MoreRacism in the United States Essay898 Words   |  4 Pagescommunity garnered the bulk of the destruction, but when investigated closely, such an assumption would be proven to be absurd. Of course, racism has not been entirely eradicated from the American society, and no one racial group can honestly plead complete innocence to displaying racist behavior at one time or another. Singling out an entire group of people in a racism accusation is ridiculous, to say the least. There is a considerable lack of documen ted support for his claim; the basis of his argumentRead MoreRacism Today in the United States1549 Words   |  7 PagesRacism Today in the United States After living in a place like Bend Oregon for 18 years I haven’t ever noticed a difference between blacks and whites. Bend has been said to be â€Å"one of the whitest places to live†, yet I never viewed a city by its race. Being racist to me meant that it was the whites who had a problem with the blacks and whites didn’t want anything to do with blacks. I hadn’t actually seen racism in action from anyone here. Now, after watching the film Crash and reading the essaysRead MoreRacism And Discrimination : The United States1260 Words   |  6 Pagesremember when racism and discrimination was an immense element that held people back in society. Race has always been a social construction in the United States, created in the minds of Americans and manifested through interactions but yet remains as a false determination of a human being. When we think back to earlier times many immigrants came over because of the â€Å"American Dream,† an idea that every citizen can have equal opportunities to achieve and live successful lives. The United States was the lighthouseRead MoreRacism And Ethnic Separation Of The United States1386 Words   |  6 PagesRacism and ethnic separation in the United States has been a noteworthy issue subsequent to the provincial period and the slave time. Legitimately or socially endorsed benefits and rights were given to White Americans that were not allowed to Native Americans, African Americans, Asian Americans, and Latin Americans. European Americans (especially Anglo Americans) were conceded select benefits in matters of training, migration, voting rights, citizenship, land procurement, and criminal method

How Literacy Is Used On The Nation s Literacy - 1113 Words

Everything we learned about literacy in elementary school was a lie. I remember taking a reading comprehension test each year. I was timed on how fast I could read a selected passage, and time was added each time I made a mistake. My teacher would take my time, evaluate it, and categorize me into a certain grade’s reading level. According to revolutionary educational reformist E.D Hirsch, all of this was pointless. He theorized that literacy is not simply based on ability to read words on a page, but on a background of extensive topics that allows one to understand all texts and draw value from them. To expand the nation’s literacy, Hirsch proposed in his infamous book, Cultural Literacy, that there is a base list of terms and concepts that every student should know in order to be literate. Although the common core has been implemented in 46 out of the 50 states, it is still controversial. While it has positive effects such as uniform state education and better prepa ring students for college and post high school life, it also has negative effects such as too high an emphasis on testing and a lack of depth and diversity in the material. In theory, Hirsch’s ideas on education are good;but overall, the negative effects outweigh the positives. The common core allows for America to have uniform state education, which helps traveling students and allows for better identification of struggling states. As a student who attended 4 different schools between grades 7-10, I canShow MoreRelatedThe Rights Of A Regular Classroom 4 Of The 28 Kids1123 Words   |  5 Pagesforcing their children to have the same plague. The literacy rate consequently continues to drop, as fear keeps illiterates silent about their issue. This year, 2016, is an election year, and since the literacy rate has a high impact on the nation, it would behoove the populace for literacy to be part of the presidential campaign. On the campaign trail, the candidates are quizzed on their responses to many important issues facing America today to see how they would approach and solve the problem whenRead MoreThe Journey Of Literacy By Bill Gates1378 Words   |  6 PagesMohammad Eimal Jiddi ENGWR 300 Tittle June 26, 2014 The Journey to Literacy You might have read stories about one’s literacy, when they started to learn reading and writing, what challenges did they face, what opportunities they had, and their extraordinary stories to success. Bill Gates as an example, he had this family as a bridge towards his success. His journey to literacy started when his family sent him to a private school; one of those only schools of the time that had computers. His familyRead MoreA Creative Reflective Essay Relating My Understanding of an Article from the Cross-Cultural Journal of Psychology:1624 Words   |  7 PagesA Creative Reflective Essay Relating My Understanding of an Article from the Cross-Cultural Journal of Psychology: TWO DECADES OF CHANGE IN CULTURAL VALUES AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN EIGHT EAST ASIAN AND PACIFIC ISLAND NATIONS (MICHAEL W. ALLEN, University of Sydney, Australia; SIK HUNG NG, City University of Hong Kong, China; KENICHI lKEDA, University of Tolcyo, Japan; JAYUM A. JAWAN, Universiti Putra Malaysia; ANWARUL HASAN SUFI, University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh; MARC WILSON, VictoriaRead MoreThe Importance of Visual Literacy1255 Words   |  6 PagesVisual literacy, as defined by The Association of College and Research Libraries Image Resources Interest Group, â€Å"Is a set of abilities that enables an individual to effectively find, interpret, evaluate, use, and create images and visual media.† (ACRL). While the concept itself, as well as awareness of its role in people’s everyday lives is increasingly widespread, its’ worth is still highly debated. It is evident in our daily lives, messages conveyed through billboards, television advertisementsRead MoreEnglish Language Is Globally Important982 Words   |  4 Pages How did English become such an important global language? ï  ® British Colonialism ï‚ ¨ Took English to North America, the Caribbean, Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and the Indian sub-continent U.S. rise as a strong economic and strategic power ï  ® Pop Culture ï  ® English became the language of diplomacy. ï  ® The Treaty of Versailles that ended WWI was signed in 1919 in both French and English. Key international bodies adopted English as a working language. United Nations (TheRead MoreBecoming a Reflective Teacher of English 1553 Words   |  7 Pages(see Appendix A), I realise that my understanding of literacy has developed expeditiously, from a simplistic view into a multi-faceted outlook that underpins learning throughout the curriculum. Although I had indicated an awareness of the interrelationship of speaking and listening, reading and writing (SLWR), I did not conduct in depth analysis that considers these elements specifically with the process of learning. This essay will discuss how my understanding of SLWR has evolved, and in examiningRead MoreHealth Of Health And Wellbeing1583 Words   |  7 Pagescharacterised by a physical and mental potential, which satisfies the demands of life commensurate with age, culture, and personal responsibility† (Birscher, 2005). Health and wellbeing statistics are vital information as an indicator of the health of the nation. The statistics produced are observed to vary between countries as different methods and standards of measures are applied. The extent of measurement also depends on the social awareness of the implications of health and wellbeing. One measure ofRead MoreThe Impact Of Digital Technology On Children And Adults1402 Words   |  6 PagesAs a result of the of digital technology in modern society, digital literacy practices that adolescents and young adults engage in on a quotidian basis have profoundly affected not only their influence over technology as a result of its centrality in their lives but also their social skills in digital networking. Web 2.0 technologies have enabled individuals around the world to interact and communicate with one another, constructing an imagined community in the Andersonian sense vis-a-vis digitalRead MoreA Summary On Content Education1069 Words   |  5 PagesMcKnight, Katherine S. (2014) Common Core Literacy for Math, Math, and Technical Subjects: Strategies to Deepen Content Knowledge (grades 6-12) Ed.: 1. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. 2014 The schools improvement effort was changed in its instructional practices that aligned with literacy outlook, that would be effective in advancing student grades. This study present findings from an analysis of classroom instruction data collected in 200 classrooms in seven high poverty high school classroomsRead MoreThe Goal Of Place Based Education Essay1481 Words   |  6 Pagesworld around them. Students will gain experience in the real world and face different issues that might not be taught in the schools. Moreover, learning the culture that students live in can give a history to how their area grew into what it is today. One of the key factors that can be used to be help elementary, middle and high school in the Sewanee area is The Annenberg Rural Challenge. Originally the Annenberg Rural Challenge was predominantly for urban areas in the beginning stages. It pledged

Modernism vs Postmodernism Essay Example For Students

Modernism vs Postmodernism Essay This question highlights one of the themes central to the account of modem art offered in this course: the tension between the theoretical perspectives of, on the one hand, Modernist criticism and, on the other, an approach focused on the relationship of the art of any given period to its social, political and historical context. The two quotations given above may be interpreted as representing these polarities. It would be an oversimplification to suggest that to accept a Modernist account of modem art must imply rejection of a socio-historical view, or vice-versa the discussion between TJ Clark and Michael Fried about Pollock TV21 suggests that there is room for negotiation, if not for compromise. It is, however, arguable that a definition of postmodernism should take into consideration both the close interrelationship between Modernist criticism and mid-twentieth century abstract art, which together constituted the dominant hegemony in art from the late 1940s to the early 1960s and hence the artistic context against which postmodernism in the visual arts evolved, and the social, historical and political context within which art characterised as postmodern has developed. It seems reasonable, therefore, to start by attempting to clarify the critical positions represented by Greenberg and Burgin. Greenberg, in Modernist Painting 1961 and other writings, sets the development of modem art, specifically painting, in the context of the ideas of the Enlightenment philosopher Kant, who used logic to establish the limits of logic Art in Theory p. 755. Kant thereby established a precedent for using the techniques of a particular medium to define and refine that medium, a process referred to by Greenberg as self-criticism. This implies that painting, rather than using art to conceal art ibid by creating illusionistic space and depth, should rather use art to call attention to art ibid, that is, to emphasise the unique characteristics of the medium; the flat surface, the shape of the support, the properties of pigment ibid. Greenberg states that such a process would render art pure, that is, autonomous, free of any extraneous elements deriving from other arts, such as theatricality or narrative. The impact of a painting should thus derive from those technical aspects characteristic of painting, such as colour, form and composition. An example of the sort of painting Greenberg was advocating at the time may clarify this. Morris Louiss painting Alpha-Phi pl. D10 is exactly contemporary with the publication of Modernist Painting. It consists of bold, ragged, diagonal streaks of pure colour against an off-white ground; Louiss use of acrylic paints, which soak into the canvas, means that the colours appear integrated with the ground and hence do not disrupt the flatness of the picture plane. Its effect depends upon the arrangement of colours and the large scale of the painting which makes it occupy so much of ones visual field that it loses its character as a discrete tactile object and thereby become that much more purely a picture, a strictly visual entity Greenberg, Louis and Noland, p. 28. It is apparently devoid of references to anything other than the intrinsic qualities of forms and colours. Louiss painting, and the contemporary work of Kenneth Noland e. g. Bloom, pl 141 and Jules Olitski e. g. Twice Disarmed pl. D11 were seen by Greenberg as being how paintings should look if they are to continue the intelligible continuity of taste and tradition Art in Theory p. 760 and offer the viewer a sufficient degree of aesthetic power Modernism in Dispute p. 173 in the 1960s. Burgin, however, sees Greenbergs approach and hence, by implication, paintings such as Alpha-Phi, as the terminal point of historical trajectory. It is arguable that paintings such as those of Louis represent a point beyond which art could not be further refined, and must therefore be reassessed or stagnate. Furthermore, in the context of the major social and political upheavals of the late 1960s and thereafter, such work might appear increasingly irrelevant. From Burgins viewpoint, Greenbergs privileging of aesthetic and technical issues marginalises those types of art which can be validated by reference to their relationship with their historical context, to the way in which they represent their times. Thus Dada would be of little importance in a Greenbergian art history, but significant in the context of a history which opens onto history and which deals with representations. Art History Survey Class Syllabus EssayHis use of commodities as art is also interesting in relation to the commodification of Abstract Expressionist paintings, which were advocated as a sound financial investment in the early 1950s. The variety of work produced by Koons raises an issue not explicitly mentioned by Burgin, the eclecticism often associated with postmodernism. This, and its occasionally ephemeral nature as in the case of Puppy, made of flowers relates more closely to Jamesons sense of the postmodern as involving superficiality and deathlessness Art in Theory, p. 077. There are other issues relevant to postmodernism to which Burgin does not directly refer, such as: a critical approach to the exhibitions and museums system, which has lead to alternative ways of presenting works of art; a tendency to pastiche or parody of earlier works of art; and, in some instances, the necessity of active involvement by the viewer. While Burgins statement does not emphasise these point s, they are illustrated by his own work. What does Possession mean to you pl. 189 uses a glossy advertising-style photograph which is placed in the context of a caption about the ownership of wealth to put a different, socio-political perspective on the image, calling into question issues of gender dominance and property ownership and thus critiquing social norms. It was exhibited not as a single artwork in a gallery, but in a set of 500 copies posted in the streets of the centre of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. The replication of the image and its display on the streets can be seen as critical both of the idea of the importance of orginality and of the exhibitions and museums system. A decoupling of art from the established methods of presenting it to the public seems to be characteristic of postmodernism, and is also exemplified by developments such as the Land Art of Richard Long and Robert Smithson, and the public projections of Krystof Wodiczko. These images, for instance his projection of hands holding prison bars onto a courthouse pl. D71, function, like Burgins poster, as socio-political commentary and also share with it the ephemeral quality mentioned in relation to Koons. Work by Burgin such as Any moment previous to the present moment pl. 169, which consists of text from which the viewer/reader has to construct his/her own image, highlights both Burgins view of the importance of concepts in postmodernist art, and the tendency within postmodernist art to invite the viewer to sustained active participation in the work of art. This is in direct opposition to the passive contemplation advocated by Modernist critics such as Fried who, in Art and Objecthood, claims that good art should be instantaneously present. This idea of the importance of presentness is contradicted by the title of Burgins article, The absence of presence. Taking Burgins statement as a point of departure, it is possible to connect postmodern ideas to a diverse range of works of art, which are in turn associated with a series of contemporary concepts and concerns. While Burgin provides a means of distinguishing postmodernism from Modernism in art, there remains the problem of how to, or indeed whether, one ought to distinguish qualitatively between different postmodernist works. If social relevance is a characteristic of postmodernism, then degree or accuracy of social relevance may be used as an evaluative tool; however, as Harrison and Wood have pointed out see Modernism in Dispute, p. 240 radically critical work may become marginalised and lose its ability to challenge. Furthermore, if the main impact of a work depends on its contemporary relevance, it is likely to lose conceptual value with the passage of time; Haackes The Safety Net pl. D24 borrows its meaning from contemporary politics rather than conforming with Greenbergs idea of art as self-defining, and is hence now arguably of historic rather than artistic interest. The aesthetic of Greenbergian Modernism may never recover a dominant position within art history but, as Harrison and Wood have suggested, the contingency of the historical is only half the point of art.